The increase in urban population following migration from villages and sometimes the uneven development of villages and the transformation of villages into cities are problematic factors in the environmental structure of developing countries, resulting in ecological changes, especially the destruction of natural landscapes. And reducing them is in the interest of man-made landscapes and disrupting spatial patterns of natural cover. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological changes and measure the patterns governing the landscapes of Varzeqan city using quantitative and qualitative metrics of land appearance in the years 1363, 1381, 1398. The nature of research is developmental-applied and descriptive-analytical. Data were collected through library studies and field studies to calculate the detection of changes, and to measure the quantitative and qualitative metrics of the landscape. After preparing the land cover maps in ENVI software environment, TerrSet software was used to calculate the detection of changes and quality indicators of the land appearance and Fragstats software was used to calculate quantitative metrics. The results showed that the most changes are related to vegetation classes, especially at low density level and in the second interval, which in addition to reducing the area, also includes increasing the number of spots. And has the largest share in becoming barren and pasture lands. Also, two quantitative metrics of spot number (NE) and landscape percentage (PLand) of quantitative metrics and patch area index and patch compactness (Patch Compactnees) more favorably show the changes and patterns governing the appearance of a land. they give.

Introduction: Spirituality is acknowledged as an important part of life by most individuals Spirituality is acknowledged as an important part of life by most individuals Spirituality is acknowledged as an important part of life by most individuals Spirituality has an important and individualized role in the overall well-being of a person, group, promotion of organization performance and human settlements such as urban and rural. The way in which spirituality is experienced is unique for each person. Those with higher reported levels of spirituality have experienced positive benefits including, positive outcomes for those who are in recovery from substance addiction, decrease of suicide in young adults, reduction of competitive anxiety and achievement of higher levels of self-confidence and positive psychological functioning protection from depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and enforcement of resiliency and struggle for decreasing of problems. Spirituality is an inclusive term boundless of any religious orientation or denomination: It is viewed as a motivating trait that remains stable over time. It inspires people to seek positive interactions for the benefit of others. Essentially this means humans are aware of their own mortality and therefore they strive to create a sense of meaning, purpose, and fulfillment. Spirituality has been associated with many positive outcomes. Overall, spirituality appears to provide a buffer to difficulty and increasing resiliency villagers versus of earthquake crisis resiliency of villagers on earthquake problems. Also, resiliency is defined in terms of the degree of psychopathology in a person who experienced negative life events. Fewer symptoms of psychopathology indicate higher levels of resilience. According to what was said the author field studies in rural areas of Varzgan city indicate this fact today, [r11] in rural areas, material and worldly values have replaced the sublime, sublime sacred and spiritual values. As a result, the resilience of the villagers to the hardships and difficulties of life has declined sharply. This means that the vitality of life in rural areas has dropped sharply and self-confidence of the villagers has been weekend. And other villagers do not know how to resist and endure the difficulties and hardship of life. In addition, the weakness of spirituality in rural areas has made rural citizen less likely to rebuild their inner areas. Benevolence and otherness are gradually disappearing from their existence. They are not optimistic about the upcoming events and are not at peace with themselves. They are not much less to know the universe. [r12] They experience of noble life. Most lead a borrowed life. All of these components cause: first, spiritual values should be undermined in rural areas. The weakness of spirituality causes the amount of resiliency to decline was declined in the rural areas. Because it teaches spirituality teaches the art of living to human beings. Finally, the purpose of the present study was to explanation of spirituality in relation with improvement of villager’ s resiliency on earthquake crisis in the rural areas of Varzeghan County. Methodology: The purpose of the present was was to explanation of relationship between spirituality relation with and improvement of villager’ s resiliency on earthquake crisis in the rural areas of Varzeghan County. It can be said that studied population in this study consists of all damaged villages of north Ozomdul Dehstan and households residing in this villages (N=398) among which 196 persons were selected as statistical sample using Cochran formula. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’ s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbachchr('39')s alpha (0. 79-0. 91) Results and Discussion: The results of this beseech show that spirituality helps to promoting promotion of villagers’ resiliency versus on earthquake crisis. At Using this reason, moral humans create their personal virtually. Means, it means that if human apprehend the meaning, philosophy and purpose of their life., the problems of life will be tolerated. Additionally, spirituality helps to in increasing of resiliency versus on difficulty difficulties such as earthquake and other natural disasters, because abstract human has behavioral stability. In addition, spiritual humans love apprehending the existence. However, contemplative human has a stability, self-candor, self-love and positive self-knowledge. Also, ideal human is an optimistic, self-comprehended, just-oriented, responsible, introversion introverted, truthful, benevolent and self-reliance. Again, spiritual human has a positive individuality, self-confidence, gaiety and tolerance. Eventually, all above cases help in to enforcement of resiliency versus on difficulties. Conclusion: The results of research show that, there are significant relations between all variables of research, except variables of self-honesty, introversion, positive individuality and self-reliance with improvement of villager’ s resiliency on earthquake crisis in the rural areas of Varzeghan County. Finally, according to the study results, a number of recommendations are also presented. Since of occurrence of nature events, including earthquakes and other events, is are considered a natural events and probability of its their occurrence is probable at any time and place, therefore, it is recommended to that the villagers living in the studied area studied be informed. That The villagers of Varzeghan County consider the earthquake and its suffering and problems as a part of their lives so that they stand against it if it happens. In this regard, according to Nietzsche, instead of drinking beer on the plains, they should ease the pain of climbing mountains. According of to Nietzsche at this regard, in life the joys and sorrows of the twins are inseparable, it is also worthwhile to make arrangements that the flame of hope should not be extinguished in rural areas and among the villagers because otherwise, rural communities will succumb to the slightest unpleasant event. It is worthwhile to increase the level of psychological empowerment of villagers in case of crisis so that the villagers will not lose their morale and will be able to deal well with the earthquake disasters.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial reflection rural housing reconstruction after the earthquake in Sinai district located in the Varzeghan County aspects of infrastructure-related, social, cultural and health treatment. Design/methodology/approach: This study is a descriptive and analytical. The data collection was in the library field. In the field, the questionnaire is used. The sample size was 300 and the sampling method is simple random sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated based on the validity and reliability of the Guttman coefficient (split-half) which is equal to 955/0 and show the reliability of the questionnaire. Finding: After assuring the goodness of fitting the designed model, the standardized load factor test indicates that the measuring instrument has very good validation tools and shows that the coefficients and chi-square ratio are relative to the degree of freedom that has strong correlation, the relationships between hidden variables together and the relationship of obvious variables; Investigating T values of the obvious variables shows that the Infrastructure Index has the most impact on the renovation of rural housing. Which has the most effective coefficients in this case, the variables of "gas supply", "water distribution", and "transport communication network". Finally, the covariance matrix of the independent variables of the research indicates that the path estimates between all the infrastructural, cultural, social, health and physical variables are acceptable and acceptable at the upper limit. In fact, the proposed model can be proposed as a useful tool for reflecting the spatial renovation of rural housing in general, the renovation of rural housing after the earthquake in the Sina village of Varzaghan has caused the infrastructure index to have the highest spatial reflection. Research limitations/implications: The study population dispersion and trouble completing the questionnaires, as well as the lack of necessary resources on SEM and LISREL software. Originality/value: research innovation combined two important issues the village, housing "and" disaster "and interpret the results using a combination of software LISREL structural equations and multivariable regression analysis using software SPSS.

Purpose-Nowadays due to the variety of hazards and inappropriate location of some villages, the necessity of their displacement and resettlement is sometimes unavoidable. In order to resettle the villages, they should consider a wide range of social, economic, environmental and political issues so that resettled villages can survive. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of resettlement on the quality of life of the earthquake-stricken villages and explain the factors affecting it in the resettled villages of Varzaghan County. Design/methodology/approach-The research methodology is descriptive and analytical and the required data were collected using the questionnaire instrument. The study population was 7975 people living in 11 resettled villages in Varzeghan County. The sample size was 382 people who were randomly selected. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was also obtained 0. 921 using Cronbach Formula. Finding-Results indicate that the quality of life of villages in Likert six-point scale was equal to 3. 47, and the highest and lowest levels of satisfaction are related to the areas of infrastructure, employment and income. In addition, the results of the factorial analysis were identified in four dimensions for quality of life. In this regard, the four factors of physical, economy, psychology, and housing clearly explain the 90. 95% of the variance of quality of life. The results of T, Tukey, and Scheffe tests also showed a significant difference between the resettlement patterns and the quadruple dimensions of quality of life. Practical implications-With respect to the importance of quality of life in the development and welfare of human societies in resettlement projects, it is necessary to considerate the effects and consequences concerning the quality of life in addition to selecting the optimal rural site in order to improve the residents’ wellbeing while identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these projects.

The Kerman region stands out as one of the most significant mining areas globally, owing to its extensive and abundant mineral resources. Bam County, situated in the southeastern part of Kerman, has historically served as a crucial hub connecting the southeast of Iran with Sistan and Afghanistan, attributed to its distinctive geological and geomorphological characteristics. Enjoying considerable commercial and military importance since the Sassanid era, Bam County has garnered attention in archaeological research as a strategically vital region. The exploration of Bam's archaeological sites becomes imperative for historical governments, highlighting the need to investigate and comprehend ancient centers engaged in metal smelting and mining activities. Consequently, an archaeological survey of the central part of Bam County was initiated in 2018-2019 with the specific objective of identifying metal smelting workshops and ancient mines. This article presents the outcomes of a field survey conducted in the central part of Bam County, shedding light on evidence of metal smelting centers, furnaces, and historical mining activities. The primary research inquiries center around the chronology of mining evidence in the central part of Bam County, the types of metals extracted, and the processes involved in metal mining and metallurgy within this region. Employing field and documentary methods, the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The study identified and examined eight sites showcasing evidence of smelting and slag, one ancient mine, and two active mines. These sites have been associated with the extraction and processing of metals and elements such as tin, zinc, lead, silver, iron, and, to a lesser extent, gold. Notably, the substantial volume of zinc and zinc oxide processing in seven sites holds significance. Although cultural materials for chronological dating were absent in the investigated sites, historical sources indicate that the extraction and smelting of these metals in the region date back to at least the 3rd century AH (9th century AD) and persisted until the Qajar period

Ozomdel plain was located in Varzeghan County of East Azerbaijan. This plain is the only plain in Varzeghan at the north of the city. Ahar Chay is flowing from the south of city. In the plain, small streams by connecting to Ahar Chay, Caused to developing the plain, creating alluvial terraces and revealing lake terraces in the plain. The river in the study area has been developed meander form because of lowering the slope in the plain. Most of meanders are stable. The aim of this study is indicating of developing of Ahar Chay river by quantitative methods. For this aim, Kornise Index and sinuosity ratio are used. Meanders of Ozomdel plain are developed on the base of Indexes.

Background and Objective: Evaluation of ecological capability is a process which attempts to establish an appropriate and balanced development between human and nature through adjusting their relationship. The aim of this study is to evaluate ecological capability of urban development landuse in Ahar, Kalibar and Varzeghan cities. Method: Evaluation process of ecological capability of current study involves three main parts: the ecological capability of the underlying studied area was determined after identification of ecological resources, data analysis and conclusion. Information layers used in this study involved: soil, climate, plant cover and land shape. Findings: Ahar, Kalibar and Varzaghan cities are located in the northwest of East Azarbaijan province with a total of 930214 hectares. The surveys show that about 300, 000 are in the first floor, about 293, 000 are in the second floor and about 141, 000 are in the third category of urban development. Discussion and Conclusion: The findings indicate that the integration of information layer using GIS has the high ability to evaluate the urban development landuse. According to the result and findings and the three mentioned cities have good potential for urban development.

2This research investigates methods for conservation, restoration, and reinforcement of the Urartian inscription of Seqindel. It also aims to propose feasible recommendations for improving the preservation and stabilization conditions of the inscription and consequently, the historical site itself. The Seqindel inscription was discovered in 1951 CE near the village of Seqindel, beside a complex archaeological site. It stands as a significant artefact from the Urartian era in northwest Iran, dating back approximately 2750 years. Stone inscriptions are inherently vulnerable to environmental factors that can lead to deterioration. To address this concern, the research incorporates structural studies, pathology assessments, and analyses of the inscription's current condition. The results indicate that priority should be given to emergency stabilization and consolidation to prevent the collapse of the inscription, followed by practical measures for ongoing protection, and finally, preventive conservation. Considering the inscription's location approximately 2 kilometers from the village of Saqindel, the following key recommendations are proposed for its preservation and promotion: 1) Community participation in protection efforts, 2) Tourism enhancement and deterrence of unauthorized excavations, 3) Road construction for improved accessibility,4) Site access and signage development, 5) Natural stone staircase construction, 6) Design and insulation of informative signage, 7) Vegetation revitalization in the adjacent valley.

The Urartian inscriptions, in the village of Seqindel in the central part of Varzghan city in East Azarbaijan province, belonging to the era of Sardori II, the king of Urartu, was inscribed on a stone in Zaghi mountain. This inscription is one of the unique works remaining from the expansion of the Urartian Kingdom in the east of Lake Urmia, which shows the history of their rule in the region, due to the lack of maintenance, most of it has been damaged and destroyed. According to the investigations carried out on the surfaces of the inscriptions, a cover of some kinds of lichens has affected almost all the rocks of the mountains in this region, and the bedrock of the inscriptions has not been spared from this damage. In addition, damage from vandalism and unauthorized digging can be seen in the body and foot of the inscription, which has endangered the health of the work. Because until now scientific and laboratory studies regarding the investigation of the method of making the work, the pathology of Seqindel Urartian inscription, and the identification of layers and possible destruction mechanisms on them, as well as the protection solution for it, have not been provided. To achieve this goal, laboratory studies were conducted on the structure and characteristics of the stone, as well as the types of damage caused to the body in different ways. The important questions of the research include: 1.What are the most serious damages in the body of the Urartian Seqindel inscription? 2.How have existing structural, climatic, and inherent phenomena and biological accumulations caused damage? In this regard, field studies show a type of synergistic destruction caused by a set of intrinsic, climatic, biological, and human factors, which manifests itself in the form of fracture damage, surface sedimentation, and biological accumulation with lichen as an indicator species on the body.

This research is an applied research and in terms of time, cross-sectional. Also in terms of user control this study is a survey. The population of the study is all students in Islamic Azad University of Varzeghan in 94-93 (1200), and the sample size is 185 students according to Cochran formula. According to research findings, there is a difference between following variables: type of body management, type of leisure activities, habits and type of cultural consumption with religious beliefs. Also, according to the results of the regression model, the cultural consumption variable plays the most important role in determining the extent of religious beliefs. After cultural consumption, leisure activities are in the second step, body management in the third step and habits in the fourth step.